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How to Start a Dog Clothing Business Successfully

The dog clothing business involves designing, manufacturing, and selling apparel and accessories for dogs, ranging from practical items like coats and boots to fashion pieces. This market has grown significantly, driven by increasing pet ownership and the humanization of pets.

Recently, the global pet clothing market was valued at $5 billion, with expectations to continue growing due to rising disposable income and changing pet care trends. Popular products include seasonal outfits, costumes, and protective gear.

The market is also influenced by social media, where pet owners frequently share images of their dressed-up pets, further fueling demand. Major players in this industry include PetSmart, Petco, and various boutique brands.

Steps on How to Start a Dog Clothing Business

  1. Conduct Market Research

Conducting market research for a dog clothing business involves several key steps. First, define the target market by identifying potential customers. This includes dog owners who are interested in fashion, practicality, or both for their pets.

Segment the market based on demographics, such as age, income level, and geographic location, to better understand who would be most interested in purchasing dog clothing.

Next, analyze the competition. Research other businesses in the dog clothing market to understand their product offerings, pricing strategies, and marketing tactics.

This can include both local pet boutiques and larger online retailers. Identify gaps in the market that your business could fill, such as unique designs, higher quality materials, or more affordable pricing.

Third, gather data on consumer preferences. Conduct surveys, focus groups, and interviews with dog owners to learn about their buying habits and preferences.

Ask questions about what types of clothing they currently purchase, what they look for in pet apparel, and how much they are willing to spend. This will provide valuable insights into product development and marketing strategies.

Finally, analyze industry trends and market conditions. Review industry reports, pet industry publications, and market analysis studies to understand the current state of the dog clothing market and its projected growth.

Pay attention to trends such as increasing pet ownership, the humanization of pets, and seasonal fluctuations in demand for pet apparel.

This comprehensive approach to market research will help you make informed decisions and develop a successful dog clothing business.

a. Who is the Target Market for the Dog Clothing Business?
  • Pet Owners
  • Fashion-Conscious Dog Owners
  • Gift Shoppers
  • Pet Enthusiasts
  • Boutique Pet Store Shoppers.
b. Is the Dog Clothing Business a Profitable Business?

The dog clothing business can be profitable, driven by increasing pet ownership and the humanization of pets. The global pet clothing market was valued at over $5 billion and continues to grow, supported by rising disposable incomes and social media trends.

Successful businesses in this niche cater to diverse consumer needs, from fashion to functionality, suggesting a robust market with potential for profitability, especially for innovative and quality-focused brands.

c. Are There Existing Niches in the Industry?

No, there are no existing niches when it comes to the dog clothing business because the dog clothing business is a niche idea in the fashion or pet industry.

d. Who are the Major Competitors?
  • PetSmart
  • Petco
  • Chewy
  • BaxterBoo
  • Ruffwear
  • Poochie Heaven
  • Fab Dog
  • Chilly Dog Sweaters
  • Gooby
  • Canine Styles
  • Kurgo
  • Joyride Harness
  • Muttropolis
  • RC Pet Products
  • Doggie Design
  • The Paw Wag Company
  • Huxley & Kent
  • Oscar Newman Luxury Pet Couture
  • Puppia
  • Max-Bone.
e. Are There County or State Regulations or Zoning Laws for Dog Clothing Businesses in the United States?

Starting a dog clothing business in the United States involves navigating various county and state regulations, including zoning laws and business permits. Zoning laws, in particular, dictate where a business can be located.

In addition to zoning requirements, most states and counties require businesses to obtain specific licenses and permits. This includes a general business license and, depending on the location, additional permits such as sales tax permits and health department permits if the business involves manufacturing.

Furthermore, if the dog clothing business involves manufacturing, additional regulations may apply. These could include safety and environmental regulations to ensure that the manufacturing process does not pose risks to employees or the environment.

Businesses may need to adhere to Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards and environmental protection laws.

Finally, online dog clothing businesses must also comply with state regulations concerning online sales, such as collecting sales tax from customers in different states. Understanding and adhering to these regulations helps ensure the smooth operation and growth of a dog clothing business.

f. Is There a Franchise for the Dog Clothing Business?

No, there are no franchise opportunities for the dog clothing business.

g. What Do You Need to Start a Dog Clothing Business?
  • Business plan
  • Market research
  • Business license and permits
  • Initial funding or investment
  • Supplier and materials
  • Design and prototyping skills
  • Manufacturing equipment or partnerships
  • Inventory management system
  • E-commerce platform or retail space
  • Marketing strategy
  • Packaging and shipping solutions
  • Customer service plan.
  1. Choose a Memorable Business Name

When looking to start a business, before you can begin to file the necessary documents with the constituted authorities or start your website, it is necessary that you come up with a name that you will be recognized with.

It is essential that the name you come up with can easily be pronounced, is unique and easily memorable. Some of the catchy business name ideas suitable for a dog clothing business are;

Creative Dog Clothing Business Name ideas
  • Billy Jay™ Dog Clothing Company, LLC
  • Jack Welsh© Dog Clothing Company, Inc.
  • Bingo Fashion™ Dog Clothing Company, Inc.
  • John Dickson© Dog Clothing Company, Inc.
  • Gordon Green® Dog Clothing Company, Inc.
  • Dog House™ Dog Clothing Company, Inc.
  • Pound Puppy© Dog Clothing Company, LLC
  • Jerry Jason© Dog Clothing Company, LLC
  • Harry McDonnel™ Dog Clothing Company, Inc.
  • Jamie McDaris© Dog Clothing Company, Inc.
  • Terry Wallace® Dog Clothing Company, Inc.
  • Jack Pets™ Dog Clothing Company, Inc.
  • Justin Wallace© Dog Clothing Company, LLC
  • Hound Fashion™ Dog Clothing Company, Inc.
  • Pooch Signature™ Dog Clothing Company, Inc.
  • Ronald Michael® Dog Clothing Company, Inc.
  • James McDonagh© Dog Clothing Company, Inc.
  • Mitchelle Clinton® Dog Clothing Company, LLC
  • Smith Jones™ Dog Clothing Company, Inc.
  • Canine Fashion® Dog Clothing Company, Inc.
  1. Register Your Business

a. What Type of Business Structure is Best for Dog Clothing Business?

The ideal business structure for a dog clothing company is determined by a variety of factors, including the size of the company, the number of owners, the level of personal liability the owners are ready to accept, and the tax consequences of the various business structures.

However, we normally recommend a limited liability company structure. An LLC is a hybrid corporate form that provides the flexibility of a partnership while also providing its owners with limited liability protection.

An LLC can have one or more owners, and the owners are not personally accountable for the debts or liabilities of the business. This business form is frequently used for small to medium-sized organizations.

b. Steps to Form an LLC
  • Choose a Name for Your LLC.
  • File Articles of Organization.
  • Choose a registered agent.
  • Decide on member vs. manager management.
  • Create an LLC operating agreement.
  • Comply with other tax and regulatory requirements.
  • File annual reports.
c. What Type of License is Needed to Open a Dog Clothing Business?
  • General business license
  • Seller’s Permit
  • Sales tax permit
  • Home occupation permit (if operating from home)
  • Zoning permit
  • Health department permit (if applicable)
  • Fire department permit (if applicable)
  • Resale certificate
  • Federal Employer Identification Number (EIN)
  • Trademark registration (for brand protection).
d. What Type of Certification is Needed to Open a Dog Clothing Business?

You don’t need any certifications to open a dog clothing business.

e. What Documents are Needed to Open a Dog Clothing Business?
  • Business plan
  • Business license application
  • Seller’s permit application
  • Sales tax permit application
  • Home occupation permit application (if applicable)
  • Zoning permit application
  • Health department permit application (if applicable)
  • Fire department permit application (if applicable)
  • Resale certificate application
  • Federal Employer Identification Number (EIN) application
  • Trademark registration application
  • Articles of Incorporation or Organization (for LLCs or corporations)
  • Operating Agreement (for LLCs)
  • Partnership Agreement (if applicable)
  • Lease Agreement (for retail or manufacturing space).
f. Do You Need a Trademark, Copyright, or Patent?

For a new dog clothing business, trademarks, copyrights, and patents can provide valuable protection. A trademark safeguards your brand name, logo, and any distinctive designs, helping prevent others from using similar marks that could confuse customers.

Copyrights protect original designs and marketing materials, such as unique patterns or advertising content. Patents are relevant if you create an innovative and functional product, like a unique type of dog harness or apparel design with novel features.

While not all businesses will need all three, securing appropriate intellectual property rights can protect your business from infringement, enhance brand identity, and provide a competitive edge.

  1. Cost Analysis and Budgeting

a. How Much Does It Cost to Start a Dog Clothing Business?

The cost to start a dog clothing business can vary widely depending on factors such as the size of the business, location, equipment, and supplies needed, staffing costs, marketing expenses, and more. However, a rough estimate could range from $300,000 to $1 million or more, depending on the size and scope of the business.

b. What are the Costs Involved in Starting a Dog Clothing Business?
  • Legal and administrative costs (the cost of obtaining business licenses and permits, registering the business, and consulting with attorneys and accountants): $12,500
  • Equipment and supplies: $500,000
  • Staffing costs: $165,000
  • Rent/lease: $150,000
  • Marketing and advertising costs: $10,000
  • Insurance costs: $12,800
  • Miscellaneous Expenses: $5,000.
c. What Factors Determine the Cost of Opening a Dog Clothing Business?
  • The size and capacity of the dog clothing business
  • The choice of location
  • The required licenses and permits
  • The cost of hiring and paying a business consultant and attorney
  • The cost of branding, promotion, and marketing of the dog clothing business
  • The cost of furnishing and equipping the hat production facility
  • The cost of the insurance policy covers
  • The cost of registering the business
  • Source of your supplies and ongoing expenses
  • The cost of recruiting and training your staff
  • The cost of the purchase and customizing of uniforms for your employees
  • The cost for the grand opening of the Dog clothing business.
d. Do You Need to Build a Facility? If YES, How Much Will It Cost?

It is not necessary to build a new facility for your dog clothing business, but, if you have the required finance, it will pay you to build your own facility.

The truth is that building or reconstructing a facility for your dog clothing business will allow you to come up with a facility that will perfectly fit into your overall business goals and vision.

e. What are the Ongoing Expenses of a Dog Clothing Business?
  • Inventory replenishment
  • Manufacturing or production costs
  • Marketing and advertising expenses
  • Website maintenance and hosting fees
  • Rent or lease payments for retail space
  • Utilities and operational expenses
  • Employee salaries or wages
  • Packaging and shipping costs
  • Professional services (accounting, legal)
  • Insurance premiums.
f. What is the Average Salary of your Staff?
  • CEO/Founder – 120,000 per year
  • Production Manager – $85,000 per year
  • Operations Manager – $80,000 per year
  • Product Designer – $75,000 per year
  • Accounting and Finance Manager – $75,000 per year
  • Sales and Marketing Manager – $70,000 per year
  • Quality Control Staff – $70,000 per year
  • Tailors or Machine Operators – $70,000 per year
  • Customer Service Executive – $50,000 per year
g. How Do You Get Funding to Start a Dog Clothing Business
  • Raising money from personal savings and sale of personal stocks and properties
  • Raising money from investors and business partners
  • Sell shares to interested investors
  • Applying for a loan from your bank/banks
  • Pitching your business idea and applying for business grants and seed funding from, the government, donor organizations, and angel investors
  • Source for soft loans from your family members and your friends.
  1. Write a Business Plan

a. Executive Summary

Canine Fashion® Dog Clothing Company, Inc. is a San Diego-based venture poised to revolutionize the pet apparel industry. Our mission is to offer stylish, high-quality clothing and accessories tailored to meet the needs of fashion-forward dog owners.

With the growing trend of pet humanization and increased spending on pet products, Canine Fashion® aims to capture a significant share of this expanding market.

Located in the vibrant pet-friendly community of San Diego, we benefit from a prime retail location while also leveraging e-commerce channels to reach a broader audience nationwide.

Our marketing strategy focuses on social media engagement, influencer partnerships, and targeted advertising to build brand awareness and drive sales.

With a dedicated team of passionate dog lovers and industry experts, Canine Fashion® is poised for rapid growth and expansion.

We are committed to delivering exceptional products and customer experiences while continually innovating to stay ahead in the dynamic pet fashion market.

b. Products and Service

Our product line includes a diverse range of apparel, from trendy coats and sweaters to practical accessories like harnesses and boots, all designed with premium materials and meticulous attention to detail.

Through strategic partnerships with local manufacturers and suppliers, we ensure both quality and sustainability in our production process.

c. Mission Statement

At Canine Fashion® Dog Clothing Company, Inc., our mission is to enhance the bond between dogs and their owners by providing stylish, high-quality clothing and accessories that reflect the unique personalities of both pet and owner.

We are dedicated to offering innovative designs, exceptional craftsmanship, and unparalleled customer service to delight our customers and their beloved furry companions.

Vision Statement:

Our vision at Canine Fashion® Dog Clothing Company, Inc. is to be the leading brand in the pet apparel industry, synonymous with style, quality, and innovation.

We aspire to create a world where every dog can express their individuality through fashion while fostering a community of passionate pet lovers who share our values of creativity, compassion, and joy.

d. Goals and Objectives

At Canine Fashion® Dog Clothing Company, Inc., our goals are to establish a dominant presence in the pet apparel market by offering innovative designs and superior quality products. We aim to expand our customer base through effective marketing strategies and exceptional customer service.

Our objectives include achieving substantial revenue growth year over year, cultivating brand loyalty among our customers, and continuously innovating our product offerings to meet evolving consumer preferences. Ultimately, we strive to become the go-to destination for stylish and functional dog clothing and accessories.

e. Organizational Structure
  • CEO/Founder
  • Production Manager
  • Product Designer
  • Operations Manager
  • Accounting and Finance Manager
  • Sales and Marketing Manager
  • Quality Control Staff
  • Tailors and Machine Operators
  • Customer Service Executive.

Marketing Plan

a. SWOT Analysis
Strength
  • Unique Designs: Canine Fashion® offers innovative and stylish designs that set us apart from competitors.
  • Quality Products: We prioritize high-quality materials and craftsmanship, ensuring durability and customer satisfaction.
  • Strong Brand Image: Our brand is synonymous with style, quality, and creativity, fostering customer loyalty and brand recognition.
  • Strategic Location: Based in San Diego, we benefit from a pet-friendly community and access to a diverse customer base.
  • E-commerce Presence: Our online platform enables nationwide reach and provides convenience for customers.
Weakness
  • Limited Market Share: Competing with established brands may pose challenges in gaining market share initially.
  • Manufacturing Costs: Maintaining quality standards may result in higher production costs compared to some competitors.
  • Limited Resources: As a startup, we may have limited resources for extensive marketing and expansion efforts.
  • Seasonal Demand: The pet apparel market may experience fluctuations in demand based on seasonal trends, impacting revenue stability.
  • Dependency on Suppliers: Reliance on external suppliers for materials and manufacturing may pose risks in terms of quality control and supply chain management.
Opportunities
  • Market Growth: The pet apparel industry is experiencing steady growth, presenting opportunities for expansion and increased sales.
  • Niche Markets: Targeting specific niches, such as sustainable or luxury pet apparel, can help us differentiate and capture new customer segments.
  • Online Presence: Leveraging digital marketing and e-commerce channels can expand our reach and attract a wider customer base.
  • Partnerships: Collaborating with influencers, pet shelters, or other brands can enhance brand visibility and credibility.
  • Product Diversification: Introducing new product lines or expanding into related pet products can diversify revenue streams and attract new customers.
Threats
  • Competitive Landscape: Competing with established brands and new entrants in the pet apparel market poses a threat to market share and profitability.
  • Economic Factors: Economic downturns or fluctuations in consumer spending can impact discretionary purchases, including pet apparel.
  • Supply Chain Disruptions: Disruptions in the supply chain, such as material shortages or shipping delays, can affect production and inventory management.
  • Changing Trends: Rapid changes in fashion trends or consumer preferences may require agility and adaptation to maintain relevance in the market.
  • Regulatory Changes: Changes in regulations related to pet products or animal welfare standards may impact operations and compliance requirements.
b. How Do Dog Clothing Businesses Make Money?

Dog clothing businesses generate revenue through the sale of various apparel and accessories for dogs, including coats, sweaters, harnesses, and boots.

They typically sell these products through retail stores, e-commerce platforms, or both. Revenue is also generated through wholesale partnerships with pet stores and distributors.

Please note that some dog clothing businesses offer customization services or exclusive designs for a premium price, further diversifying revenue streams.

c. Payment Options
  • Credit and debit cards
  • PayPal
  • Apple Pay and Google Wallet
  • Gift cards and store credit
  • Installment payments
  • Cash on delivery.
d. Sales & Advertising Strategies
  • Utilize platforms like Instagram, Facebook, and TikTok to showcase adorable photos of dogs wearing your clothing, engage with followers, and run targeted ads to reach potential customers.
  • Collaborate with popular pet influencers or bloggers to promote your products to their dedicated followers, leveraging their credibility and reach to increase brand awareness and drive sales.
  • Participate in pet-related events, such as dog shows, adoption events, or pet expos, to showcase your products, interact with pet owners, and network with industry professionals.
  • Build and maintain an email list of customers and interested subscribers to send regular updates, promotions, and exclusive offers, encouraging repeat purchases and fostering customer loyalty.
  • Establish partnerships with pet-related websites, blogs, or influencers who can promote your products to their audience in exchange for a commission on sales generated through their unique referral links.
  • Implement a loyalty program that rewards customers for repeat purchases, referrals, or social media engagement, incentivizing them to become loyal advocates for your brand and driving repeat business.
  • Offer seasonal sales, holiday-themed promotions, or limited-time discounts to create urgency and encourage impulse purchases, attracting new customers and boosting sales during peak shopping periods.

Financial Projection

a. How Much Should You Charge for your Product/Service?

Here’s a general breakdown of typical price ranges for different dog clothing items:

Coats and Jackets:
  • Basic coats: $15 – $40
  • Mid-range coats: $40 – $80
  • Designer or high-end coats: $80 – $200
Sweaters and Hoodies:
  • Basic sweaters: $10 – $30
  • Mid-range sweaters: $30 – $60
  • Designer or luxury sweaters: $60 – $150
Harnesses:
  • Basic harnesses: $10 – $30
  • Mid-range harnesses: $30 – $60
  • Designer or specialty harnesses: $60 – $150
Boots and Shoes:
  • Basic boots: $10 – $30 per set
  • Mid-range boots: $30 – $60 per set
  • Designer or premium boots: $60 – $150 per set
Dresses and Costumes:
  • Basic dresses and costumes: $15 – $40
  • Mid-range dresses and costumes: $40 – $80
  • Designer or haute couture dresses and costumes: $80 – $200
Accessories (e.g., bandanas, bowties):
  • Basic accessories: $5 – $15
  • Mid-range accessories: $15 – $30
  • Designer or specialty accessories: $30 – $60

Please note that these prices are approximate and can vary based on factors such as size, brand, materials used, and any additional features or embellishments.

b. How Much Profit Do Dog Clothing Business Owners Make a Year?

The profit for Dog clothing business owners can vary widely depending on factors such as sales volume, pricing strategy, production costs, and operating expenses. On average, successful businesses may generate annual profits ranging from a few thousand to tens of thousands of dollars.

However, profitability is influenced by numerous variables, making it difficult to provide a specific figure. Business owners should focus on maximizing revenue while managing expenses to achieve their desired level of profitability.

c. What Factors Determine the Amount of Profit to Be Made?

Cost of Goods Sold (COGS): The cost of producing or purchasing the products, including materials, labor, and manufacturing overhead, directly impacts profit margins.

Pricing Strategy: Setting competitive yet profitable prices based on market demand, competitor pricing, perceived value, and target customer preferences influences the amount of profit generated per sale.

Sales Volume: The number of units sold affects overall revenue and profitability, with higher sales volumes generally leading to greater profits, especially when fixed costs are spread across more units.

Operating Expenses: Managing and minimizing operating expenses such as rent, utilities, marketing, and administrative costs helps increase net profit by reducing overhead costs.

Efficiency and Productivity: Maximizing operational efficiency, optimizing production processes, minimizing waste, and improving workforce productivity contribute to higher profitability by reducing costs and increasing output.

d. What is the Profit Margin of a Dog Clothing Business?

The profit of a hat could range from 10% to 30%.

e. What is the Sales Forecast?
  • First Fiscal Year (FY1): $460,000
  • Second Fiscal Year (FY2): $700,000
  • Third Fiscal Year (FY3): $1.2 million
  1. Set Up your Shop/Office

a. How Do You Choose a Perfect Location for a Dog Clothing Business?
  • Choose a location with easy access to your target customers, such as pet-friendly neighborhoods, dog parks, or areas with a high concentration of pet owners.
  • Select a location with high foot traffic and visibility to maximize exposure and attract potential customers. Ensure easy accessibility by car and public transportation for convenience.
  • Evaluate the presence of competing pet stores or businesses offering similar products to gauge market saturation.
  • Check local zoning laws and regulations to ensure the chosen location permits retail or commercial activities related to pet products.
  • Balance the cost of rent or lease with the potential foot traffic and revenue generation of the location. Consider factors such as space requirements, parking availability, and overall suitability for your dog clothing business’s needs.
b. What State and City is Best to Open a Dog Clothing Business?
  • Seattle, Washington
  • Chicago, Illinois
  • New York, New York
  • Miami, Florida
  • Portland, Oregon
  • Denver, Colorado
  • Atlanta, Georgia
  • Los Angeles, California
  • San Jose, California
  • Austin, Texas
  • Dallas, Texas.
c. What Equipment is Needed to Operate a Dog Clothing Business?
  • Industrial or heavy-duty sewing machines for stitching fabrics.
  • Fabric scissors, rotary cutters, and cutting mats.
  • Steam irons and ironing boards.
  • Measuring tapes, rulers, and pattern-making tools.
  • Large, sturdy worktables or cutting tables for laying out fabrics, patterns, and materials.
  • Shelving units, storage bins, or racks for organizing and storing fabrics, supplies, and finished products.
  • Packaging supplies such as polybags, tags, labels, and shipping boxes for packaging and shipping finished products to customers.
  • A computer and printer for managing orders, creating invoices, printing shipping labels, and conducting administrative tasks.
  • Embroidery machines, heat presses, or embellishment tools for adding decorative elements like logos, patches, or appliques to garments.
  • Basic tools for maintaining and servicing sewing machines, such as screwdrivers, oil, and cleaning brushes, to ensure smooth operation and longevity of equipment.
  1. Hire Employees

Hiring new employees for a dog clothing business can be beneficial for several reasons. Firstly, it can help alleviate workload and increase productivity, allowing the business to scale and meet growing demand more efficiently.

Additionally, hiring skilled individuals can bring fresh perspectives, ideas, and expertise to the team, enhancing creativity and innovation in dog clothes design and production.

When hiring, it is essential to prioritize candidates who demonstrate relevant skills and experience, such as proficiency in design software, manufacturing techniques, or marketing strategies.

  1. Launch the Business Proper

Organizing an opening party for a new dog clothing business can be a good way to introduce your business to the community and create awareness about your services. However, whether or not to have an opening party is ultimately a decision that depends on your business and goals.

If you want to go ahead to organize a proper launch for your dog clothing, then you must make sure to invite dog and pet owners, pet-related businesses, and of course, members of the community who may be interested in your products.

a. What Makes a Dog Clothing Business Successful?
  • Offering innovative, stylish, and functional designs that stand out in the market.
  • Providing high-quality materials and craftsmanship.
  • Identifying and addressing the specific needs and preferences of pet owners through market research and customer feedback.
  • Implementing strategic marketing tactics, building a strong brand identity, and engaging with customers through various channels.
  • Offering personalized assistance, prompt responses to inquiries, and hassle-free return policies.
  • Staying abreast of industry trends, adapting to changing consumer preferences, and continuously innovating product offerings.
  • Leveraging e-commerce platforms, social media, and online marketing strategies.
b. What Happens During a Typical Day at a Dog Clothing Business?

A typical day at a dog clothing business involves various tasks to ensure smooth operations. This includes designing and prototyping new products, sourcing materials from suppliers, and managing inventory levels.

Production activities involve cutting, sewing, and assembling garments, while quality control checks ensure product excellence. Customer orders are processed, packaged, and shipped out efficiently.

Additionally, marketing efforts such as social media management, email campaigns, and advertising may occur to drive sales and increase brand visibility.

Administrative tasks like bookkeeping, customer service, and strategic planning round out the day, ensuring the business remains organized and focused on growth.

c. What Skills and Experience Do You Need to Build a Dog Clothing Business?
  • Fashion design skills
  • Sewing and garment construction
  • Textile sourcing and selection
  • Business management skills
  • Marketing and branding skills
  • Sales and customer service skills
  • Inventory management skills
  • Financial management skills
  • E-commerce and online retail skills
  • Creative problem-solving skills.